1901 to World War II

1901 to the Outbreak of War in 1914

Toward World War, 1901-08 -- Franz Joseph, Russia and Japan; German diplomacy

European Imperialism, 1894 to 1908 -- imperialism, Boxer Rebellion, empire in Africa

The United States to 1910 -- morality, sports and music, blacks, reforms

The Mexican Revolution -- Zapata, Poncho Villa, U.S. invasion

Slide to War to War in Europe, 1911-14 -- diplomatic failures, assassination, crisis and blame

War and Revolution, 1914 to 1919

World War to December 1914 -- stalemate and more death for the sake of the fallen

Turks and Armenians, 1915 -- the Ottoman Empire and war fever

The Great War, 1915 -- Western and Eastern Fronts. Galipoli. Italy, Bulgaria and Serbia.

The U.S. Considers War, 1915 -- Naval blockades and the Lusintania incident

Staying the Course, 1916-17 -- more failure during the First World War

Rebellion in Ireland, 1916 -- the British overreact

Revolution against the Tsar -- from December to March 1917

Woodrow Wilson Goes to War -- President Wilson is pressured in 1917

The Bolshevik Revolution - from March to December 1917

Russia, 1918 -- peace at any price, anarchy and civil war

Germany's Last Offensive, 1918 - General Ludendorff's gamble for victory

Germany and Revolution, 1918-19 - failed revolution in Germany

The Paris Conference and Versailles Treaty -- 1919, the treaty, trouble in Europe, Asia and Middle East

The Middle East

Turkey and Islam, 1876 to 1930 - occupation, nationalism, reform and secularism

Central Asia under the Russians, to 1936 -- creation of Central Asian republics

Empire in Egypt and Sudan, to 1929 -- Britain in Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood

Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, to 1930 -- the British, French and Greater Syria frustrations

Ibn Saud, Wahhabis, and Oil, to 1945 -- Ibn Saud creates and expands his kingdom, allied with the British

Afganistan, to the 1930s -- and beyond

Jews and Arabs in Palestine, to 1939 - Jews and Muslims in peace and conflict under British rule

Asia, Africa and the Pacific into the 1920s

China, Japan and International Tensions, to 1927 -- domestic developments and Japanese encroachments

Britain in India and Subsaharan Africa to 1930 -- including Kenya, Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa

France, Spain and Italy in Africa, to 1930 -- Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morrocco and West Africa

The French in Vietnam, to 1930 - French rule, social conditions and Ho Chi Minh

U.S., Philippines, Hawaii, Latin America, in the 1920s -- conservative directions

The Twenties in Europe

Emma Goldman in Russia, 1920-21 -- an anarchist's evaluation

Civil War, Lenin and the Rise of Stalin -- 1918 to 1930

Mussolini and Fascism in Italy -- Mussolini from youth to Prime Minister

Britain and Ireland in the Twenties -- recovery and conflict with tradition

France in the Twenties -- conservatives and prosperity

Germany and Hitler in the Twenties -- the Weimar Republic, Hitler, extremism and conservatism

The United States to the Crash on Wall Street

U.S. Politics and Unrest in 1919 -- reds, race riots, repression, and Wilson loses his League of Nations

Good Times Under Harding -- desire for order, conservatism, prosperity and the 19th Amendment

Roaring Twenties: Sports, Entertainment and Morality - booze, flappers, evangelists and laws for Sundays

The Ku Klux Klan and Others -- rise of the Klan; anti-Semitism

Prosperity and the Coolidge Years - end of President Harding; life under President Coolidge

Market Crash, 1929 -- optimism and irrationality (edited Jan/2008)

The 1930s and Road to War

The Great Depression, to 1935 -- the U.S., and recovery in Europe (added paragraphs, December 6, 2008)

Latin America and Politics to 1934 -- economic depression, democracy, dictatorship and fascism

Hitler Takes Power -- Hitler becomes chancellor, reforms Germany's economy and rearms

Japan and Emperor Hirohito to 1936 -- extremist patriots versus moderates

China, the Soviet Union and Japan to 1936 -- Japan inadvertently helps Communism in China

Austria, the Left and Fascism, 1919-34 -- Social Democrats are crushed by fascism

Passivity and Aggression in Europe to 1936 -- voices for peace, including Hitler's, and fear of the left in France

Spain and Civil War -- political and social divisions, to November 1936

Purges and Hysteria in the Soviet Union -- the USSR from the early thirties to 1938

The United States and Neutrality -- jazz, Roosevelt, economic stagnation, and public opinion regarding war

War in Asia and Europe

China, the Soviet Union and Japan to 1940 -- Japan in Manchuria and war in China

Crisis and War in Europe, 1937-40 -- Munich, Kristallnacht, the Hitler-Stalin pact, pacifism and war

Roosevelt and Approaching War -- Roosevelt, isolationism, Jews and immigration

Pearl Harbor and War in Southeast Asia -- March 1940 to June 1942

War in Europe, 1941-45 -- wishful thinking and barbarism

War against Japan, 1942-45 -- spirituality, fear and bombs