Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Mexico: 1929-35

Cuba's sugar industry and economy as a whole was hit hard by the Depression. Public works brought little relief, and President Gerardo Machado applied repressive measures against the rising threat of those opposed to his rule. In 1933, a violent uprising and general strike forced him from office and into exile. A coalition of political parties named a provisional president, and in August, 1933, a cabal of rank and file soldiers overthrew the government and set up a revolutionary junta. Turmoil and bloodshed followed, and after four months the junta surrendered power to Colonel Carlos Mendieta, who was backed by the coalition of political parties trying to bring order and legitimate rule to Cuba. The United States and other countries recognized Mendieta's government. Strikes and disorders continued. Mendieta's commander of Cuba's armies, Fulgencio Batista, became the power behind the presidency, and Batista was to rule Cuba as a dictator until Fidel Castro overthrew him in 1959.

In 1930, General Rafael Leonida Trujillo Molina was elected president of the Dominican Republic, and he remained undisputed ruler thereafter, becoming one of the world's most notoriously brutal dictators. He ruled with murder, torture and theft. He, his family and a few cronies grabbed all the best land and acquired monopolies on all businesses, from salt to selling girls in the white slave trade.

Next door to the Dominican Republic, Haiti was still under occupation by a small U.S. military force. Latin American nations were criticizing the United States for this, while the U.S. was trying to organize what it hoped would be a proper government there. In 1936, the U.S. ended its military occupation of Haiti, nineteen years after it had begun, the Roosevelt administration hoping that Haiti would now embark on a path of independence and stability.

Mexico

In Mexico in the mid-twenties the Church was unhappy over the government creating state elementary education in place of what had been the Church's monopoly in elementary education. And the Church had been resisting a ban on religious processions, deportation of foreign priests, orders that priests must register with the government and the closings of monasteries and convents. In 1926, Catholics -- some of them priests -- took up arms against Mexico's federal and state governments -- known as the Cristero war. Trains were blown up. Public schools were attacked and burned and teachers were killed. The government retaliated and tried to kill a priest for every murdered teacher. The government wore down the Cristero Rebellion, but on July 17, 1928, a Catholic partisan murdered the President-elect, Alvaro Obregon (Obregón).

The revolutionary regime begun by Carranza in 1917 still held power, and a peaceful passage of power based on free elections had become tradition. The presidency in 1934 passed to General Lázaro Cárdenas. Cárdenas was unpretentious, and he could not be bribed. His main interest was improving the lives of the Mexican people, and he launched a six-year plan to advance agriculture and industry. He nationalized foreign-owned oil companies and became known for making Mexico independent of foreign capital. Britain and the United States responded with boycotts.

Cárdenas divided agricultural lands for Mexico's numerous peasants, creating what became known as mini-fundia, which proved a disaster in that it was poor in productivity and its harvests fed hardly more than the families of the proprietors, leaving little in agricultural surpluses for export and foreign currency. Bigger farms began to develop as people got around the law by putting adjacent lands in the names of relatives.

Meanwhile, with the depression, industrial productivity was falling. Mexico neared bankruptcy. But unlike many other Latin American nations, Mexico remained politically stable, with Cárdenas duly elected president again and maintaining the respect of the Mexican people.